Fungal infections due to Candida

Risk factors which favour the incidence of Candida infections (candidosis) are, amongst other things, moist and warm conditions for growth, the collapse of local or systemic immune function, certain conditions (such as Diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s disease), as well as medications (antibiotics, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive drugs).

In principle, candida infections can affect all surfaces of the body. Candida mycoses can be classified according to their occurrence into systemic and superficial candidosis. The most frequent form of a systemic Candida infection is candidemia (invasive Candidosis). This is often associated with the installation of a central venous catheter. Furthermore, this particular disease entity is often widespread in intensive care units, and amongst oncological patients.

The far more commonly occurring superficial Candida infections can be divided into Candida infections of the skin, the skin appendages as well as the mucous membranes and their transitional areas. In this case, the most common forms of candidosis are the gastrointestinal, vulvovaginal (vulvovaginal mycoses), oropharyngeal (thrush) and dermal candidosis (cutaneous mycoses, perianal mycosis, diaper dermatitis).

Characteristic for dermal mycoses (Cutaneous candidosis) is the occurrence of usually severe itching, sharply circumscribed erythematous patches, both on the superficial skin as well as e.g. also on the skin between the fingers and toes. In the case of oral thrush, the buccal surface is typically coated with a white covering and lesions which can usually be dislodged. Vulvovaginal candidosis is accompanied by itching and vaginal discharge. In the case of intestinal mycoses, symptoms such as diarrhoea, flatulence or abdominal pain may arise. Candidal infections of the gastrointestinal tract can be both a separate disease as well as the starting point for recurrent mucocutaneous candidosis. Fungal infections of the gastrointestinal tract arise in many cases where there may be a cluster of predisposing factors. These factors not only affect non-specific defence mechanisms (e.g. due an altered intestinal microbiota) but also impair the specific defence responses of the host.

Thus, pathophysiological changes can cause the spread of facultative pathogenic yeasts. See below.

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